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Neil wrote : ""Was the letter "W" in the alphabet at the time or was v = w or indeed was there a Swedish import of the motto into the spelling of work-verk. We forget that the Swedish culture was highly developed in the middle ages and had heraldry and chivalry to becoming a well developed art. I suspect that because the "o" was also changed (work = verk) we are looking at old English, phonetic language or simply the import of another word from Sweden. "" I remember from my study of German many years ago that "" V "" is pronounced as a "" W "" and "" W "" as a "" V "" !!! I presume that the same may be said for the Scandinavian languages ?? Also , the "" E "' in "" werk "" also follows the Germanic usage closely ! The craftsmen of the Middle Ages could not read in most cases and in any event from what I have seen in my other research , the spelling of words was not as fixed in form as we follow today Regards to all , Joe Greigg [ This is the Sinclair family discussion list, sinclair@mids.org [ To get off or on the list, see http://www.mids.org/sinclair/list.html